Criminal Insanity essays

Criminal Insanity essays "Some traits or dispositions are inherited, but the continuity of behavior, including antisocial activity, is maintained by social contexts and other aspects of the Criminal insanity is a topic which sparks much heated debate. What causes insanity? Is insanity a physical or psychological problem? Is insanity actually a disease, or just a figment of a persons imagination? Groliers Encyclopedia describes insanity as "a mental defect or disorder sufficient to prevent a person from knowing the difference between right and wrong conduct or from understanding the nature of his or her actions." This definition is one which would seem to be a good representation of what insanity truly is. Insanity applies to criminals in an interesting way. If a criminal does not know the difference between right and wrong then can they be held accountable for the crimes they commit? If they don't understand that what they are doing is a crime then should they be punished as if they were criminals or treated as patients with a disease? This problem is one that has plagued courts, lawyers, juries and defendants for a long time and does not appear to be any closer to a solution. A common belief as to why people first become criminally insane is because of the way they were treated as children. Many examples to support this theory can be found throughout history. One example is the infamous Charles Manson. Charles Mansons' home life was anything but normal; he was, in fact, the son of a "teenage, bisexual, alcoholic prostitute, and was once traded for a pitcher of beer" ("Charles..."). Another example is Henry Lee Lucas, a famous serial killer, who "as a child, lost an eye after a severe beating from his mother" ("Serial..."). Finally, Pedro Alonso Lopez, believed to be the key player in over 300 murders was "kicked out of his house when only 8 years old" ("Serial..."). These cases, as well as many oth...

How to keep in the best mental and physical shape when youre working

How to keep in the best mental and physical shape when youre working You might think having a desk job or working long hours means that you have no choice but to eat poorly, sit around all day, and generally not take care of yourself during business hours. Sorry, you don’t get a free pass to let health matters fall by the wayside, even if you’re stuck indoors for hours at a time. Here are a few great ways to make better choices and stay (or get!) healthy- even at the office.Wear comfier shoes.Do you find yourself taking the elevator for 1-2 floors instead of the stairs or skipping opportunities to take quick walks between meetings or calls or during your lunch break because your feet hurt in your dressy shoes? You might have to leave the sneakers at home, but from now on choose your work shoes wisely. Switch to something sturdier, where your toes move freely and your heel doesn’t slip. Once you’re free of the pinching and pain, you’ll be more apt to log some extra steps and get up and move.Bring your food from home.M aking your own lunch and bringing your own snacks means that you’re not constantly beholden to take-out, cafeteria grub, and vending machine snacks. You’ll know exactly what you’re putting into your body and can make more conscious food choices. With tupperwares full of healthy noshes like nuts, dried fruit, and yogurt, you’ll avoid sugar cravings and crashes. Plus, you’ll save money! Make sure to include plenty of vegetables- try to scoot one or two into every meal or snack.Set an alarm to get up and move.Set yourself a timer so that every hour, on the hour (or something that works with your schedule), you get up and do a quick lap around the office. Maybe refill a water bottle, tea mug, or coffee cup, or eat your packed apple on the go. The bit of movement will keep your blood flowing and your muscles moving- and your brain more alert.Don’t skip breakfast.Jumpstart your metabolism in the morning with a healthy breakfast. If you don’ t have time or energy to eat at home before arriving at work, then pack some Greek yogurt with pre-sliced fruit, or granola, or an oatmeal packet. The fiber and carbs and protein will perk you up for the long day ahead.Sit up straight.Stop slumping over your computer. Remain aware of your body placement throughout the day, and as soon as you feel your shoulders start rolling forward, straighten out that spine and place your head upright. Sitting up straight eases pressure on your spinal nerves and might even make it easier for you to concentrate.Exercise outside of work.Thirty minutes a week is all you need, provided you up the intensity enough. And keep in mind: little things add up. Can you park a 5-minute walk away from your office instead of vying for the closest spot? Can you walk somewhere for lunch instead of hopping in a car to drive a few blocks? These small things can make a real difference. Then, add in some daily post-work stretches, try a bit of light weight training to counteract some of the ill effects of sitting all day, and you’ll be good to go.Get enough sleep.Getting adequate sleep is a must for your sanity, your productivity, and your physical well-being. Start prioritizing sleep and you’ll see a noticeable difference in your energy and concentration.Smile when you can.Put on a happy face, even if you have to fake it until you make it. Just the simple act of smiling can release a physiological, hormonal response that makes you happier and relaxes muscles deep within.

Evaluating Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluating Contracts - Essay Example ract on the other hand is one whereby the government compensates the contractor for the total admissible costs that are incurred during the implementation of the contract. Such contracts are normally used for purposes of study as well as progression, especially with non-profit corporations. The contractor stands to gain nothing in this kind of contract (Shealey, 1938). Fixed price contracts have both advantages and disadvantages for the supplier. For the service provider, the contract means he or she is able to tell how much they are to be reimbursed for their services. The contractor does not have to be concerned about the changing elements or quibble with the customer about the cost of materials. Elements as well as prices are set prior to the commencement of the job. Another benefit is that, while the contractor risks facing costs that higher than anticipated, it also is not compulsory for it to miscue savings if the costs prove otherwise. Dealing with such contracts enables the purveyor gain a lot of practical experience with the sort of contracts that potential clientele e.g. the government would prefer. A disadvantage with these agreements is that a lot of the financial risk is placed on the service provider than the client. After the pact has been put in place with a steady permanent price, the client is under no obligation to cover or pay higher costs. A cost reimbursement agreement has its perks and pitfalls as well. These contracts are time and again used when long term worth is of greater vitality than cost. As opposed to the fixed price contract, here, the service provider has very little reason to cut edges. The end cost could be less than the fixed price contract since the contractor is not gratified to inflate prices so as to cover hazards. Conversely, the contract does not provide sufficient certainty as to what the final cost will be. There is not as much of incentive as there is in the other type of agreement. Additional management and oversight

Neoottomanism in Turkey and the Role of Turkey in the new formation of Essay

Neoottomanism in Turkey and the Role of Turkey in the new formation of the Arab world - Essay Example Thus, ottomanism transformed into the ideology of pan-Turkism. The Turkish leaders of the late XX - early XXI century, especially Recep Tayyip Erdogan, updated the doctrine of ottamanism-pan-Turkism, turning it into so-called neoottomanism. Modern Turkish leaders advocated the creation of an integrated economic and cultural-linguistic space that has commonality of interests; it is the main essence of this ideology. However, neo-Ottomanism implies the dominant influence of Turkey not only on Turks, but even more - non-Turkic peoples and countries that were part of the Ottoman Empire at different time. The doctrine of "neoottomanism" was not completely comprehended even by its originators. Nowadays a lot of European and American politicians are greatly concerned about the given ideology and they do not want to stay away from it. United States, for example, hatch the plans to create a unified Turkic political space dominated by Turkey, and are interested in supporting the sovereignty of newly independent states of Central Eurasia. A heavy blow to this "subtle pan-Turkism", i.e. neoottomanism, was stroke by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, members of which were two Turkic states - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and the Islamic one – Tajikistan. Uzbekistan led its own political game for a certain period, but then, joined the CSTO. Turkmenistan's foreign policy tends to neutrality at the present time. Under the auspices of the U.S., such projects as The Black Sea Cooperation and GUAM were developed. If earlier the U.S. was more interested in strengthening Turkey's influence on the Balkans, nowadays - on Northern and Southern Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Bessarabia, as well as Syria, Lebanon and Iraq - as vectors, amplifying the Turkish-Russian confrontation. "Political and operational" role of Turkey in these regions is the most attractive for the U.S. But practice shows that the U.S. is not confident in the effectiveness of such role-based participation of Turkey, even in these projects. Yes, Turkey could play a leading role in the formation and activity of GUAM, but Western politicians are in no hurry to pedal its role. Turkey activities in Georgia, especially in some regions, such as Ajaria and Abkhazia, as well as in Dagestan and Chechnya, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygeya, Krasnodar territory, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo Macedonia, and Bessarabia can only be seen in part of a joint Turkish-American project. All other joint plans of the United States and Turkey in Central Asia are minor, in fact. Issues, related to the presence of Turkey military machine in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Crimea, are always discussed between the military and intelligence services of both countries. Turkey's position in these regions is much stronger than that in Central Asia. Only the situation in Iran, especially in its north-western regions, can be compared with Turkey positions in the above regions. In 2001, the present minister of foreign affair s of Turkey Ahmet Davutoglu published his voluminous work â€Å"Strategic depth: the international position of Turkey†, in which he analyzed the regional and geopolitical interests and priorities of Turkey; he also put forward a series of theoretical assessments and propositions. After

Situational and Procedural Factors Essay Example for Free

Situational and Procedural Factors Essay The Local 190 members are the long time workers at the Deloitte plant of ABC. They have been in a long-term relationship with ABC Company and believed to continue and prosper for a more extended period of time. The Local 190 bargaining team (representing 1700 members, all working at the Deloitte plant of ABC) should consider preserving this long-term relationship between ABC Company and members of Local 190 particularly when planning strategies for negotiation with the ABC management team over new clauses or changes in the work agreement. The following must be considered in the negotiation table when the parties have a long-term relationship: i. Representatives should refrain from using unnecessary tactics that will hurt the labor and management relations in the future. ii. Representatives should not only settle for good relationships. They must also try to make trade-offs. Based on the fair agreement reached by Local 190 and ABC management during the previous negotiation, we predict that the ABC representative will act fairly in the upcoming negotiation. There have been evidence of trust and fairness on the side of the ABC management team but we are also aware that bargaining for a new contract could become tougher like never before. Time Pressure Since the time given for negotiation is not sufficient (2 hours) to tackle all four issues in detail, team members need to familiarize themselves with these issues. We have assigned time limits for each of the following four issues: ? Introduction (10 min) ? Location of the new plant (30 min) ? Transfer of workers to the new plant (30 min) ? Operation of the new plant (20min) ? Conclusion (10min ) Team vs. Solos: This negotiation involves a three-person union bargaining team and a three-person ABC management team whose goal is to resolve multiple issues regarding the work contract. Union representatives will negotiate as a team against ABC management. The following are the detailed plans for the negotiation team: ? Leader: Since there is no chairperson to control over the group process, we will have one member lead our team to facilitate the bargaining process. Our team leader’s roles are the following: ? Introduce members of the team ? Introduce the group’s issues, interests, etc. ? Make sure all voices of the team members are heard during the negotiation. ? Summarize what has been negotiated and the plan of actions. ? Suggest private time for discussions within the team when two members are in disagreement or in conflict. On the bargaining table, all three of the Local 190 team members will take an active role in the discussion. Each of the team members should have a sufficient knowledge about the four issues on the work contract. While encouraging all three members to participate in the discussion, each member should have one issue to focus on to prevent the common knowledge effect. Each member should have specialized information in at least one issue in the following: ? Location of the new plant (Emi, Pavel, Choi) Since this is top concern for members of Local 190, all three members will actively make arguments that the plant stays in Deloitte. ? Transfer of workers into the new plant: (Emi) Emi will dispute that if the relocation of the new plant is unavoidable, all current workers must be guaranteed with jobs at the new facility and help them with the transportation cost in the new location. ? Operation of the new plant: (Pavel) Pavevl will take role in eliciting an agreement on â€Å"Continued high level of worker autonomy with a strong group incentive program based on reasonable team targets†. ? Wages and benefits: (Choi) Choi’s role is to ensure that ABC management would pay the â€Å"increased wages and benefits which are better than ABC’s unionized competitor† to members of Local 190. Cultural Differences: Without proper understanding on the opponent’s situation, position, interests, and culture, it is unlikely to produce good quality outputs from negotiating with the opponent. Before, ABC Deloitte has always been fair and reasonable in contract negotiations before. However, due to the emergence of growing non-union competitors, ABC had created a wall between workers and the ABC management team. As a result, workers focused on wages and benefits while the management team focused on how to make more profit and at the same time reducing wage costs. This situation showed how the interests of the two parties have become inconsistent. The following demonstrated the cultural differences of the Local 190 and the ABC management team: Things that members of Local 190 consider ? Most of union members are satisfied with the high standard of living in Deloitte because they earn adequate wages and receive bonuses they through working at the ABC plant. ? There will be no work opportunities in Deloitte if the ABC plant moves to a new location. ? Compare ABC’s unionized competitors when demanding changes in the workers’ contract ? Receiving reasonable compensation as reasonable. Things that ABC management team consider ? Non-union competitors cut labor costs, production costs which threaten to get rid of union in ABC’s plants to remain competitive ? Inability to compete with non-unionized competitor if the ABC plant stays in Deloitte. ? Compare the union workers’ contract with those non-unionized competitors when changes are deemed necessary to keep ABC competitive in market. ? Strive to generate more profit as much as possible. Factors favorable to Local 190 ? The charter of the ABC Company states that the headquarter office must remain in Deloitte: Since ABC’s major facility is located at the ABC’s headquarter in Deloitte, the team management’s decision of relocating its major plant outside of Deloitte is a violation of the charter. ? The charter of Adam Baxter foundation: ABF owns 40% of ABC’s stock and its charter ensures that the control of the foundation and the corporation will always stay with residents of Deloitte.

Essay --

What if people were punished, put in jail, or even killed, just for expressing their opinions? Freedom of Speech means that everyone is entitled to having an opinion , and they are able to share this opinion in any way that they would like to - online on Facebook, in public on a street corner, or even just in a face-to-face conversation with someone else. There are many different kinds of people, all with their own opinions, beliefs, and ideas and in the United states, citizens are fortunate enough to be able to share these thoughts with anybody they want to, without fear of major repercussions. The First Amendment states ( U.S Constitution ,1787) "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." So in other words, the government is not allowed to deny us our freedom of speech and religion. I agree with the First Amendment. The government should not be allowed to control what we have to say. It would be like them controlling our thoughts. The government would then be able to control everything and that would be dangerous. The founding fathers knew that so they put the first amendment in place for that very reason. We are all individuals with our own thoughts and opinions and it should stay that way. What would happen if there was no freedom of speech? People would not be able to say what was on their mind. The government would have too much power and everyone would be the same. Basically we would be who the government wanted us to be. There would be riots an... ...es for punishment would indicate hostility toward their religion and violate the basic first amendment principle that the government may not punish a particular viewpoint. Some people do not go by the First Amendment though. They think there should be limitations to what others say because words can hurt someone, be insulting, and misunderstood. I understand that people should not say words that can be disrespectful to others, but with the first amendment they have the right to speak freely. I understand that there should be a limit to what can be said over the internet and what people say in general but they cannot stop the thoughts of other people. People should be respectful and considerate about what they are saying and respect others and what they too have to say otherwise we would have no freedom of speech. In my opinion one of our most important rights.

China vs Egypt Whap Essay

In ancient China and Egypt, two civilizations came to be. Egypt grew to be a vast empire while the Zhou dynasty was one of the longest lasting Chinese dynasties. They both had many similarities and differences in their social and political structure. The political structure in Egypt was based on a theocracy with a centralized control of administration, while the Zhou had a decentralized administration and left much power in local hands. They both had in common the fact that the leaders of these civilizations were blood related and had a close relationship with the gods. On the social structural end of the civilizations Egypt and the Zhou both had hierarchy’s and class differentiations. Where these two civilizations contrast is the fact that the Zhou was based on a patriarchal society and gave little rights to women while Egypt had slaves and gave their women more rights than the Zhou. Along the Nile River, Egypt formed a strong, powerful, political system. The government consisted of a theocracy where the Pharaoh, also known as the supreme leader of ancient Egypt, was looked upon as a god. He was believed to be a descendant from the god Osirus. The people believed the gods controlled the forces of nature and were the reasons for the annual flooding which brought a sufficient food supply for the civilization. When these beliefs occurred, they directly related these happenings to the power of the pharaoh. In the Zhou dynasty, their government could also be considered a theocracy; the people looked up to the king as a descendant of the god of Spirit. They used the Mandate of Heaven in which the king was directly related to the gods. The mandate stated that the king only had the mandate of rule if he acted in the interest of his people. If he was weak and was defeated he argued that he lost the power of mandate. The Zhou rulers would also communicate to the Gods through a ritual that consisted of oracle bones. With the outcomes, the king was able to decipher the readings and either communicate with the gods or predict the future. In the Zhou dynasty, a series of kings ruled. This can be classified as a similarity between the two civilizations. Both settlements rulers were kings and also blood related. The Zhou dynasty king position would be passed down to a family member of the king; this is also true for the pharaohs position in Egypt. In most cases the father would pass his role down to his son. While these two political structures had many similarities they also had modest differences. One of these differences was that the rulers of Egypt created a single unified empire. The Zhou dynasty was never able to accomplish such a great task. Under the rule of Menes, Egypt was able to become unified. This event lead to the growth of the power of kings and leading to them being known as gods. One last difference is that the Zhou did not have a centralized administration like the Egyptians did. Instead, they distributed power to local rulers in return for loyalty across the area in which the Zhou ruled. They found this method an easier way to rule such a large state. With a more diverse people, some rulers find it more sufficient to leave power in local hands to make the transition of taking over another state more seamless. In Egypt, the opposite was occurring. This empire contained a centralized administration that was involved in the trading process as well as collecting taxes and so on. In the areas of social structure as well there are differences and similarities between the two civilizations. One aspect of each social structure that you can consider to be a similarity is the difference in classes. In Egypt, there was a great separation between the wealthy and the poor. One of the reasons this event happened was due to the fact that when the centuries progressed, only the wealthy were able to send their children to school. In ancient Egypt, you had to be educated to have a high class job and so they cycle kept repeating itself. In the Zhou civilization there was class structures also. One can realize the difference in social classes by the burials that took place. In Egypt, pharaohs were given elaborate burials in pyramids with gold and jewels surrounding them for the afterlife. In the meanwhile, the poor could not even afford mummification. In the Zhou dynasty, the wealthy were given more elaborate burials also while the poor were thrown in pits. One other similarity in the social structure is the Zhou and Egypt were a patriarchal society. This means that the male gender was more dominant than the female. Men were given more rights then women. But another difference is in Egyptian society, women were given more rights then women in the Zhou. Egyptian women were able to own property and be active in public life while women in the Zhou were bound to their home. One last difference between the two is that slaves in Egypt were a prominent social class. Slaves in Egypt were the lowest of the classes and usually treated with little respect. There were virtually no slaves in the Zhou dynasty, peasants being the lowest class. In conclusion, the Zhou dynasty and ancient Egypt both had many similarities in their social and political structures. The two civilizations both had theocracies and blood related kings. Egypt had a centralized administration and the Zhou did not. In the end, both civilizations were successful even with the different techniques each used. Both had many accomplishments with the types of political and social structures that contributed in making some cultures that still exist to this day.

Black Poems Essay

In the past during apartheid being black meant you lost out in many privileges it also showed how black people where oppressed. In this poem we see that Mbongeni Khumalo uses the word black in connection to all the bad things. He highlights that there is this darkness associated with the colour black and that in the 1960’s when someone called you a black person it showed nothing good and that no one should be proud of being black. He also looks at all the words that start with â€Å"black† and if one looks deep into them then we see that there’s a deeper meaning to that particular word and that it has got something to do with wrong doing or bad happenings. The first line of the poem reads â€Å"you don’t need a BLACK-BELT to write blackpoems†, if one looks at this line and critique it then we see that he says that one doesn’t need a black belt to write black poem and the way it is written from the small letter at the beginning of the sentence to the to the black belt in a big font and black poems as one word this shows that as a black person no one really paid attention to the diction of the poem. â€Å"B/LACK† when one looks at this word and the way it has been written then you can interpret it as be lack, as if he’s trying to point out that when you are black you lack in something. He further one uses the word â€Å"prac-teasing† and instead of writing practising he uses the teasing showing that he was isolated for mocking black art but in his own right one can argue that he was not mocking it but just highlighting the points that were true and that there was a time when anything that was done by a black person was just done and not taken seriously, a black person could only go so far with their art. â€Å"Trampling my so(u)l/e/† the way he has chosen to break down the word soul in a way that one can say he is trampling the word himself and he also adds an â€Å"e† at the end which shows that he can do anything to this poem since it is a black poem. â€Å"Served sausages made from minced pork and call(ed) it BLACK PUDDING† one can say that it was called black pudding because in the black culture the only time that the families ever ate pudding which consisted of custard and fruit was during Christmas otherwise black people always feasted with meat he could also have been referring to himself as the black sheep because he did not eat meat and in that case being black and not eating meat meant that you were a different type of black person and therefore you were out casted and you were a black sheep. â€Å"I suffered a BLACK DEATH at the hands of a BLACK GUARD†, what the writer brings out in this line is how black people still killed each other regardless of the fact that they were all oppressed by the same people for the same reason. The guards were also said to be puppies for the oppressors so that the hit on them could be lighter and that they could spare them their lives. So it shows that black people were also turned against each other and killed each other just so that they can hold their own end. The language that he has chosen to use is simple but the was in which he has broken down his words and placed them in way that one could clearly see the point he is trying to make about black poems. As one carries on to read this poem you could say that this is not a black poem but a poem about black people. He uses a playful tone but at the same time the way he stresses some words to show his point and the double meanings behind them. He also used the words to show what was happening in that time to black people trying to pass on the torch of awareness so that people could stop being naive and actually know how things were done in that time. He attracts the reader by his title which is â€Å"BLAK POWEMS† which shows the way he wrote it as if he were a actually saying it in a Bantu accent, so he chose to write it the way he would say it because no one really paid close attention to the diction and the style of the way black poets wrote their poems because it always ended up being black people reading each others poems. The way this poem has been written it shows well that it is protest poem in such a sense as when one looks at the diction used in this poem and the style of writing that the poet has chosen to use. He plays with associations surrounding blackness to put his point across of how blackness is associated with bas things and in this case particularly back in the 1960’s during times of black oppression and apartheid. The tone of this poem is in a playful but honest manner, not harsh but it keeps one intrigued that there could be so many things associated with the colour black that represent a darker side of life and the poet does a good job of bringing them out and also highlighting them. This poem makes the reader see the problems that the past could add on to a simple phrase or word. The word black in this poem has been separated and put on a spectrum whereby we can all see the negatives that could and that are surrounding this one word in particular. The poet has also made us think of how history played out and he did this not by writing that in the 1960’s this is what happened but he used words that show or highlight the main events of the 60’s.

Distinction Internet versus Intranet essays

Distinction Internet versus Intranet essays Even on a purely grammatical level, it is important to realize the distinction between the Internet' and an intranet.' The Internet, which should be always be capitalized is the proper name of the international network of connectivity, through various domains, networks, and email addresses. However "intranet," a network confined to a smaller group, is a generic term that does not deserve capitalization. It would only be capitalized if one were referring to a specific intranet, such as the Microsoft in-house Intranet. Furthermore, because the Internet is not a tangible item, when advertising the Internet' for a specific price, it would be more accurate to refer to Internet access, rather than the An intranet is also somewhat conceptually difficult, however, because an intranet is a part of a greater whole, namely it is a network that makes use of the Internet even though it does not encompass the Internet. According to Steven Telleen's article of 1998, even during the relatively nascent states of internal network development, there was a great deal of confusion. Telleen stresses that an intranet, like the Internet, is based upon sharing of content, however the intranet is a local and specific connection and is based between a select number of Internet users, as opposed to the frontier-like expanse of the Internet, which can expand indefinitely, unlike an intranet, which is a specific hub and generally is based upon sharing specific information between users that have limited access to the intranet. An intranet can keep people out and can lock people into a specific hub of the World Wide Web, while a user of the Internet in general, unless located within the confines of an intranet, remains relatively unconfined. A management overseer generally organizes the content of an intranet, as well as protects its users and guards the ...

Exposition in Literature the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples

Exposition in Literature the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples Exposition in Literature: the Ultimate Guide with 19 Examples If you’ve ever cringed while reading a book (or watching a movie) because the characters are clearly just repeating information for the benefit of the audience, you’ll know just why exposition in literature is so important to get right. But it’s a tricky line to walk: too little exposition and your audience won’t understand a thing about what’s happening. Too much exposition runs the risk of readers complaining that your book is boring and badly-written.This post will help you define just what exposition is - and how you can write it in a way that captures readers’ attentions. Or, if you’d simply like to see it in action, please jump right to our 19 exposition examples. How to write exposition in literature: a guide for all fiction writers! What is exposition in literature?Exposition is a literary device that introduces key background information to the reader. This might include anything from a character’s backstory to a description of the setting. Note that it should not be confused with the exposition in the three-act story structure, which refers to the entire first stage of a story (where, similarly, important details are established).Though exposition is necessary for nearly every single story, it’s a hard thing to get right. Indeed, you might already be familiar with the infamous â€Å"information dump,† which is essentially poorly-executed exposition that becomes walls of text that your reader hastily skips past. At its worst, exposition that’s badly written will make your audience put down your book altogether. How to avoid 'information-dumping' in this post - and more To avoid such a scenario, exposition should always be pertinent to the story itself. As Kurt Vonnegut once said: â€Å"Every sentence must do one of two things: reveal character or advance the action.† We can (and should) apply this guideline to exposition as well. It might be tempting to spill everything you know about the world and characters that you’ve lovingly created - but while you might know the world of your book down to the precise direction in which a blade of grass grows, readers won’t care if it’s not relevant to the story. Specifically, the conflict.The importance of conflict and expositionIn his book, The Art of Fiction, essayist and author John Gardner advised, â€Å"No important information in the exposition should be irrelevant to the action that ensues.† John Yorke echoed a similar point in Into the Woods: How Stories Work And Why We Tell Them:All good exposition is disguised by making it dramatic – by injecting conflict. Desire, in story structure, should always be countered by an opposite desire, and this in turn creates the conflict the drama needs. Exposition works when it’s a tool a character uses to achieve their desire. If this desire is confronted with opposition, conflict is generated and exposition becomes invisible. The greater the conflict, the less visible the exposition.If the million-dollar question here is how to present information (that your characters should already know) in a natural and organic manner to new readers, conflict is the answer. Tying exposition into conflict will drive the central premise of the story forward while establishing the important pieces of information that you need in order to tell the story. Luckily, there are many ways to do this, from dialogue to narration. What are the Six Types of Conflict in Literature? (with Examples) Read post Thinking that this is easier said than done? For a look at how authors have approached writing exposition in literature in the past, here are 19 exposition examples  from famous works. 19 exposition examples from Pride and Prejudice (and more) to show you how to get exposition right! What are some exposition examples in literature?As you probably know, language can be used in a million possible ways to convey a point. That said, authors generally depend on a few common ways to insert exposition into the text of the story:Exposition through dialogueExposition through narrationExposition through internal monologueExposition through special devicesWithout further ado, let’s get into these exposition examples in famous works of literature.Exposition through dialogueDialogue is one of the most organic ways to introduce exposition. In particular, exposition through dialogue is a prime example of the #1 writing rule, â€Å"Show, don’t tell.† Instead of telling readers the key detail that a group of boys are stranded on an island because of a plane crash, the author can show that through a conversation (as you’ll be able to see soon). However, it’s important that your dialogue doesn’t sound too forced when you’re trying to impart information to the reader. If you’d like to learn more about the mechanics of dialogue (and how to write it correctly), go here for this master guide. Otherwise, let’s take a look at how some authors reveal key expository details through dialogue.To improve your handling of exposition dialogue, take a look at this list of practical dialogue exercises. Learn how to master dialogue in your bookEnter your email below and select 'Writing - Writing Dialogue That Develops Plot and Character' in the drop-down menu of the next pop-up to sign up for our free, 10-day course. Authors can set up situations through a few lines of dialogue:â€Å"My dear Mr. Bennet,† said his lady to him one day, â€Å"have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?†Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.â€Å"But it is,† returned she; â€Å"for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.†Mr. Bennet made no answer.â€Å"Do you not want to know who has taken it?† cried his wife impatiently.â€Å"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.†This was invitation enough.â€Å"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.†- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (establishing the entrance of Mr. Bingley to Netherfield)"This is an island. At least I think it's an island. That's a reef out in the sea. Perhaps there aren't any grownups anywhere."The fat boy looked startled."There was that pilot. But he wasn't in the passenger cabin, he was up in front."The fair boy was peering at the reef through screwed-up eyes."All them other kids," the fat boy went on. "Some of them must have got out. They must have, mustn't they?- William Golding, Lord of the Flies (explaining the plane crash that brought the boys to the island)Through dialogue, authors can â€Å"show† the relationship between characters, instead of â€Å"telling† it:KING CLAUDIUS Take thy fair hour, Laertes; time be thine, And thy best graces spend it at thy will! But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son,HAMLET [Aside] A little more than kin, and less than kind.KING CLAUDIUS How is it that the clouds still hang on you?HAMLET Not so, my lord; I am too much i' the sun.- Shakespeare, Hamlet (establishing the relationship between Hamlet and King Claudius)Exposition through narrationExposition through narration is the most standard way to think about this literary device. By nature, the narrator chooses what to reveal and what background details are important enough to be said in the text.Now, how the exposition is revealed might differ depending on the point of view used in the book, which you’ll see in the following exposition examples. Take heed as you explore this technique yourself: exposition through narration is the biggest perpetrator of the infamous â€Å"information dump,† which is a beginner mistake to avoid.Let’s take a look at how an omniscient narrator (who knows everything and can see into every character’s minds) might handle exposition:This hobbit was a very well-to-do hobbit, and his name was Baggins. The Bagginses had lived in the neighbourhood of The Hill for t ime out of mind, and people considered them very respectable, not only because most of them were rich, but also because they never had any adventures or did anything unexpected: you could tell what a Baggins would say on any question without the bother of asking him.- JRR Tolkien, The Hobbit (explaining Bilbo Baggins’ background)About thirty years ago Miss Maria Ward, of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram, of Mansfield Park, in the county of Northampton, and to be thereby raised to the rank of a baronet's lady, with all the comforts and consequences of an handsome house and large income. All Huntingdon exclaimed on the greatness of the match, and her uncle, the lawyer, himself, allowed her to be at least three thousand pounds short of any equitable claim to it. She had two sisters to be benefited by her elevation; and such of their acquaintance as thought Miss Ward and Miss Frances quite as handsome as Miss Maria, d id not scruple to predict their marrying with almost equal advantage. But there certainly are not so many men of large fortune in the world as there are pretty women to deserve them.- Jane Austen, Mansfield Park (setting the grounds for Fanny Price’s arrival at Mansfield Park)He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood and not yet old enough for adolescence to have made him awkward. You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil.- William Golding, Lord of the Flies (introducing Ralph in the book)Now here are some exposition examples used in books that are narrated in third-person limited:Catelyn had been anointed with the seven oils and named in the rainbow of light that filled the sept of Riverrun. She was of the Faith, like her father and grandfather and his father before him. Her gods had names, and their faces were as familiar as the faces of her parents. Worship was a septon with a censer, the smell of incense, a seven-sided crystal alive with light, voices raised in song. The Tullys kept a godswood, as all the great houses did, but it was only a place to walk or read or lie in the sun. Worship was for the sept.- George R.R. Martin, Game of Thrones (establishing Catelyn Stark’s backstory and religious tendencies)Of all the unusual things about Harry, this scar was the most extraordinary of all. It was not, as the Dursleys had pretended for ten years, a souvenir of the car crash that had killed Harry’s parents, because Lily and James Potter had not died in a car crash. They had been murdered, murdered by the most feared Dark wizard for a hundred years, Lord Voldemort. Harry had escaped from the same attack with nothing more than a scar on his forehead, where Voldemort’s curse, instead of killing him, had rebounded upon its originator. Barely alive, Volde mort had fled†¦But Harry had come face-to-face with him at Hogwarts. Remembering their last meeting as he stood at the dark window, Harry had to admit he was lucky even to have reached his thirteenth birthday.- J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (explaining the events of past books in the series)As usual, the face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Enemy of the People, had flashed on to the screen. There were hisses here and there among the audience. The little sandy-haired woman gave a squeak of mingled fear and disgust. Goldstein was the renegade and backslider who once, long ago (how long ago, nobody quite remembered), had been one of the leading figures of the Party, almost on a level with Big Brother himself, and then had engaged in counter-revolutionary activities, had been condemned to death, and had mysteriously escaped and disappeared. The programmes of the Two Minutes Hate varied from day to day, but there was none in which Goldstein was not the principal figure. He was the primal traitor, the earliest defiler of the Party’s purity.- George Orwell, 1984 (explaining who Emmanuel Goldstein is)Lastly, a first-person narrator can easily slip in exposition to establish key details about themselves or their story:Now the way that the book winds up is this: Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece- all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round- more than a body could tell what to do with. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn’t stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.- Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (establishing Huck Finn’s backstory)I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and my sister,- Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.- Charles Dickens, Great Expectations (establishing Pip’s backstory)Mom pulled into the circular driveway behind the church at 4:56. I pretended to fiddle with my oxygen tank for a second just to kill time."Do you want me to carry it in for you?""No, it's fine," I said. The cylindrical green tank only weighed a few pounds, and I had this little steel cart to wheel it around behind me. It delivered two liters of oxygen to me each minute through a cannula, a transparent tube that split just beneath my neck, wrapped behind my ears, and then reunited in my nostrils. The contraption was necessary because my lungs sucked at being lungs.- John Green, Fault in Our Stars (explaining why Hazel Lancaster needs a tank at all times)My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations. The Carraways are something of a clan, and we have a tradition that we’re descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, but the actual founder of my line was my grandfather’s brother, who came here in fifty-one, sent a substitute to the Civil War, and started the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on to-day.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (establishing Nick Carraway’s roots)I resolved, in the depth of my heart, that I would be most moderate- most correct; and, having reflected a fe w minutes in order to arrange coherently what I had to say, I told her all the story of my sad childhood. Exhausted by emotion, my language was more subdued than it generally was when it developed that sad theme; and mindful of Helen’s warnings against the indulgence of resentment, I infused into the narrative far less of gall and wormwood than ordinary. Thus restrained and simplified, it sounded more credible: I felt as I went on that Miss Temple fully believed me.- Charlotte Brontà «, Jane Eyre (establishing the state of Jane Eyre’s childhood)Exposition through internal monologueInternal monologue is exactly what it sounds like: text that gives readers a direct glimpse into a character’s inner thoughts and feelings. As you might have guessed, it’s another way through which authors can insert exposition.Remember when Kurt Vonnegut said that a sentence ought to do one of two things - reveal character or advance the action? Well, exposition through inte rnal monologue is particularly useful for the former, as we’ll show you now.Exposition shown through internal monologue can establish key expository details while advancing character development, as we can now see into the character’s mind:The elevator doors close just as Luisa Rey reaches them, but the unseen occupant jams them with his cane. ‘Thank you,’ says Luisa to the old man. ‘Glad the age of chivalry isn’t totally dead.’He gives a grave nod of acknowledgment.Hell, Luisa thinks, he looks like he’s been given a week to live.- David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas (establishing the character of Luisa Rey)There was only one occupant at the moment, obviously the young English lady referred to by the conductor. She was tall, slim and dark- perhaps twenty-eight years of age. There was a kind of cool efficiency in the way she was eating her breakfast and in the way she called to the attendant to bring her more coffee which bespoke a knowl edge of the world and of travelling.She wore a dark-coloured travelling dress of some thin material eminently suitable for the heated atmosphere of the train. M. Hercule Poirot, having nothing better to do, amused himself by studying her without appearing to do so.She was, he judged, the kind of young woman who could take care of herself with perfect ease wherever she went. She had poise and efficiency. He rather liked the severe regularity of her features and the delicate pallor of her skin. He liked the burnished black head with its neat waves of hair, and her eyes- cool, impersonal and grey. But she was, he decided, just a little too efficient to be what he called â€Å"jolie femme.†- Agatha Christie, Murder on the Orient Express (establishing the character of Mary Debenham)Her only gift was knowing people almost by instinct, she thought, walking on. If you put her in a room with some one, up went her back like a cat’s; or she purred.- Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dallowa y (establishing the character of Mrs. Dalloway)Exposition through other devicesFinally, you might see authors introduce key story details through some special devices - namely, other forms of media, such as newspaper clippings, letters, or emails. This kind of exposition helps establish a sense of immediacy, as readers are able to experience the piece of information for themselves.Newspaper clippings allow readers to read a key piece of information for themselves:Harry held the paper up to the candlelight and read:BLACK STILL AT LARGESirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress, is still eluding capture, the Ministry of Magic confirmed today.â€Å"We are doing all we can to recapture Black,† said the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge, this morning, â€Å"and we beg the magical community to remain calm.†Fudge has been criticized by some members of the International Federation of Warlocks for informing the Muggle Prime Minister of the crisis.â€Å"Well, really, I had to, don’t you know,† said an irritable Fudge. â€Å"Black is mad. He’s a danger to anyone who crosses him, magic or Muggle. I have the Prime Minister’s assurance that he will not breathe a word of Black’s true identity to anyone. And let’s face it - who’d believe him if he did?†While Muggles have been told that Black is carrying a gun (a kind of metal wand that Muggles use to kill each other), the magical community lives in fear of a massacre like that of twelve years ago, when Black murdered thirteen people with a single curse.- J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (explaining why Sirius Black is a menace to society)Letters function in much the same way, letting the audience experience a piece of information at the same time that the characters do:Howards End, Sunday.â€Å"Dearest, dearest Meg,- I do not know what you will say: Paul and I are in love- the younger son who only came here Wednesday.†- E.M. Forster, Howard’s End (explaining a key incident in the book)Looking beyond expositionWhen you're writing your novel, remember that the exposition is just one part of a much bigger whole. It must combine smoothly with the story structure, action, and character development in order for your novel to come to life in the reader's eyes.What's more, there's no need to get it perfect the first time around. That's what editing is for! If you need a helping hand as you're fixing the exposition of your novel, consider taking this free course that's taught by Fictionary CEO Kristina Stanley. It's all about story editing, scene-by-scene.How do you find writing exposition in literature? Do you have any approach that you particularly like? Leave your thoughts in the comments!

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Porsche Case Study - Essay Example Thus, in the mid 1930s, Porsche’s first car, the VW Type 60 was produced, and thereafter a plant dedicated to the production of the Volkswagen was opened in 1938, producing a series of Volkswagen brands such as the VW Beetle (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). Nevertheless, the brand Porsche found its way into the market exactly 3 years after the Second World War had ended, in 1948 where the brand came in form of a branded sports car, and by 1950, Porsche had managed to develop an assembly line that started rolling out its Porsche 356 series brand into the market (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). Another of the Porsche’s brands, which were introduced into the market much later was the Porsche’s Cayenne, the first of its brands outside the sports car market niche in 2003, and then the Panamera sedan which was released in 2005 (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). The major competitors of the Porsche Company brands are the Mercedes, which is closest in the profit margin per unit earning to Porsche, at $59,454 per unit of automobile sold compared to the Porsche’s profit margin of $91,974 per unit (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). The other major competitors to the Porsche brands is the BMW, the Audi and Volkswagen, whose profit margins per unit were much lower compared to those of Porsche. On the other hand, there were a few small competitors in the sports car manufacturing market, such the Maserati, Lamborghini and Ferrari, which could not compete effectively with Porsche, owing to their low production capacity for the sports cars (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). In relation to the competition in the outsourced Engineering services, Lotus Engineering was the major competitor that Porsche Engineering Services (PES) faced (Henderson& Reavis, 2009). The financial position of Porsche Automobile group has been very promising, owing to the fact that the company has been able to

Critical Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis - Coursework Example As noted in the article, the research provided seeks to make readers understand human behavior. Adese’s article focuses on the problems that people face because they are biracial. The article relates to me indirectly, because I have several biracial relatives who may perhaps feel the same way. In my view, Adese has written an excellent article, reflecting on issues of racism and economical status. I agree with the author on most of her views. However, there is one point that I chose to disagree with her. Adese points out in page 242 that she wonders how her life would have been like if she had not grown up thinking of herself in â€Å"parts† (Adem & Thompson, 2010). I think she should now focus more on how to embrace the positives and negatives of the two cultures. The author may perhaps have enhanced her methodological approach, if she conducted interviews from other people. Similar to Jennifer Adese, Danzy Senna also writes an article on children who grow up with similar experiences. There are two questions that arise after one reads her article. Would he views been different if raised from a different racial heritage? Are there positives of growing up as a biracial child? Like Adese, Danzy Senna also uses qualitative research method to portray the data she has researched on while growing up. The author who is also the researcher in this article is subjectively immersed in the topic of her discussion. From this reading, it is difficult to tell whether the author is happy as a biracial person. Senna’s reading also impacts on my experiences in an indirect way. I have friends who have both Mexican and black parents and do not have conflicting views. I find her statement true when she says that in the 1970s, black people connected on shared history and not based on color and hair texture as perceived by most people today (OHearn, 1998). The author uses this point effectively to show the racial issues that exists today and those